By ESTHER HTUSAN AND ROBIN MCDOWELL,
ASSOCIATED PRESS
After facing international outrage and charges of ethnic
cleansing, Myanmar made a pledge: Rohingya Muslims who fled the country by the
hundreds of thousands would start their journey home within weeks.
With so many obstacles, however, and no real sign of good
will, few believe that will happen.
The returns are supposed to be voluntary. But many
members of the religious minority, now living in sprawling refugee camps in
neighboring Bangladesh, are afraid to go back.
They don't trust the nationalist-led government and feel
widely hated by the general population. Meanwhile, the military — which
violently ousted them — says the refugees shouldn't expect to return in large
numbers.
Myanmar, a predominantly Buddhist nation of 60 million,
was basking in international praise just a few years ago as it transitioned to
democracy after a half-century of dictatorship. Since then, a campaign of
killings, rape and arson attacks by security forces and Buddhist-aligned mobs
have sent more than 850,000 of the country's 1.3 million Rohingya fleeing.
Their home for generations, the northern tip of Rakhine
state, is now virtually empty, prompting the United Nations, the United States
and others to label it ethnic cleansing.
In an apparent effort to quiet criticism, Myanmar reached
an agreement with Bangladesh last month saying refugees would start returning
home before Jan. 23.
There is "no way" that will happen, says Chris
Lewa, a leading expert on the Rohingya and the policies that have made them one
of the world's most persecuted minorities. The government, she notes, has done
almost nothing to prepare.
While Myanmar said the Rohingya would be allowed to
settle in their original homes, few of which remain standing, some officials
have talked about putting them in "camps" in northern Rakhine.
Already, two barracks have been constructed next to a
police post in the Rakhine state village of Taungpyo Letwe to receive
returnees, the Ministry of Information says. The government has stockpiled
material and started breaking ground for 41 modular houses.
The idea, the ministry said, is that returnees can stay
there temporarily.
That scares Arif Ullah, a 34-year-old Rohingya living at
the Balukali camp in Bangladesh. He worries it could lead to something more
permanent like apartheid-style camps erected after violence broke out in
Sittwe, the state capital, in 2012.
Five years later, those camps remain home to 120,000
people. International aid agencies are effectively banned and the Rohingya have
little access to food, education or basic medical care. Mothers regularly die
in childbirth. Babies and children have clear signs of malnutrition.
"We miss our home," said Arif Ullah, married
and a father of two. "But we are human beings."
"If the Myanmar government is really willing to take
us back and give us our rights, they could have built houses on the land where
our houses were burned down," he says. "But clearly they don't want
to do that. And we are not going back to just live in the camps."
Anagha Neelakantan, Asia Director of the International
Crisis Group, meanwhile, warned of potential security risks. She also does not
believe large numbers of Rohingya will be returning from Bangladesh any time
soon.
And the presence of so many traumatized, hopeless
refugees in Bangladesh, she said, could be a recipe for further instability and
possible cross-border attacks by Rohingya militants, known as ARSA.
Attacks by ARSA inside Rakhine state — first in October 2016
and then again in August — triggered the army's heavy-handed, indiscriminate
response.
Well-trained and funded in part by the Middle East, the
militants' agenda appears to be to localized. They want the Rohingya to enjoy
the same rights as others in Myanmar. But if the situation does not improve,
there are fears the militants could be exploited by transnational jihadists
with their own aims.
Min Aung Hlaing, commander-in-chief of the armed forces,
says the decision as to who returns and when should not be left to governments.
It should be for residents inside Myanmar to decide.
"It is impossible to accept the number of persons
proposed by Bangladesh," he said last month in a statement. "Emphasis
must be placed on wish of local Rakhine ethnic people who are real Myanmar
citizens. Only when local Rakhine ethnic people accept it, will all the people
satisfy it."
Though many Rohingya have been living in Myanmar for
generations, they are seen by most people in the country as "foreign
invaders" from Bangladesh. They have been denied citizenship, effectively
rendering them stateless.
In addition to saying the Muslim minority should be
allowed to return freely, safely and in dignity, Myanmar's agreement with
Bangladesh says Rohingya will need to provide evidence of their residency —
something many say they do not have.
While the agreement says that the U.N. High Commission
for Refugees will play a role in the repatriations, Adrian Edwards, a spokesman
in Geneva, said they have so far been excluded from initial discussions between
Myanmar and Bangladesh.
Bangladesh wants them to be involved, sources say.
Myanmar does not.
"After the widespread atrocities, safe and voluntary
return of Rohingya will require international monitors on the ground in Burma
(Myanmar)," says Bill Frelick, refugee rights director at Human Rights
Watch. This, he says, means a central role for the UNHCR.
But how that can happen and when is just one of the many
obstacles to a Rohingya return to Myanmar that many fear, many simply don't want
— and that, in the context of the months of violence that 2017 brought to so
many people, is for the moment a political talking point and very little else.
———
Esther Htusan, Yangon correspondent for The Associated
Press since 2016, has reported from Myanmar since 2013. Robin McDowell reported
from Yangon for the AP from 2011 to 2016.
An AP Analysis